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<h1 id="sed">sed</h1><p>功能强大的流式文本编辑器</p>
<h2 id="补充说明">补充说明</h2><p><strong>sed</strong> 是一种流编辑器，它是文本处理中非常中的工具，能够完美的配合正则表达式使用，功能不同凡响。处理时，把当前处理的行存储在临时缓冲区中，称为“模式空间”（pattern space），接着用sed命令处理缓冲区中的内容，处理完成后，把缓冲区的内容送往屏幕。接着处理下一行，这样不断重复，直到文件末尾。文件内容并没有 改变，除非你使用重定向存储输出。Sed主要用来自动编辑一个或多个文件；简化对文件的反复操作；编写转换程序等。</p>
<h2 id="sed的选项、命令、替换标记">sed的选项、命令、替换标记</h2><p> <strong>命令格式</strong> </p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token string">'command'</span> file<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -f scriptfile file<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="选项">选项</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">-e<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script<span class="token operator">></span>或--expression<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script<span class="token operator">></span>：以选项中的指定的script来处理输入的文本文件；
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script文件<span class="token operator">></span>或--file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script文件<span class="token operator">></span>：以选项中指定的script文件来处理输入的文本文件；
-h或--help：显示帮助；
-n或--quiet或——silent：仅显示script处理后的结果；
-V或--version：显示版本信息。</code></pre>
<h3 id="参数">参数</h3><p>文件：指定待处理的文本文件列表。</p>
<h3 id="sed命令">sed命令</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">a\ <span class="token comment"># 在当前行下面插入文本。</span>
i\ <span class="token comment"># 在当前行上面插入文本。</span>
c\ <span class="token comment"># 把选定的行改为新的文本。</span>
d <span class="token comment"># 删除，删除选择的行。</span>
D <span class="token comment"># 删除模板块的第一行。</span>
s <span class="token comment"># 替换指定字符</span>
h <span class="token comment"># 拷贝模板块的内容到内存中的缓冲区。</span>
H <span class="token comment"># 追加模板块的内容到内存中的缓冲区。</span>
g <span class="token comment"># 获得内存缓冲区的内容，并替代当前模板块中的文本。</span>
G <span class="token comment"># 获得内存缓冲区的内容，并追加到当前模板块文本的后面。</span>
l <span class="token comment"># 列表不能打印字符的清单。</span>
n <span class="token comment"># 读取下一个输入行，用下一个命令处理新的行而不是用第一个命令。</span>
N <span class="token comment"># 追加下一个输入行到模板块后面并在二者间嵌入一个新行，改变当前行号码。</span>
p <span class="token comment"># 打印模板块的行。</span>
P <span class="token comment"># (大写) 打印模板块的第一行。</span>
q <span class="token comment"># 退出Sed。</span>
b lable <span class="token comment"># 分支到脚本中带有标记的地方，如果分支不存在则分支到脚本的末尾。</span>
r <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 从file中读行。</span>
t label <span class="token comment"># if分支，从最后一行开始，条件一旦满足或者T，t命令，将导致分支到带有标号的命令处，或者到脚本的末尾。</span>
T label <span class="token comment"># 错误分支，从最后一行开始，一旦发生错误或者T，t命令，将导致分支到带有标号的命令处，或者到脚本的末尾。</span>
w <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 写并追加模板块到file末尾。  </span>
W <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 写并追加模板块的第一行到file末尾。  </span>
<span class="token operator">!</span> <span class="token comment"># 表示后面的命令对所有没有被选定的行发生作用。  </span>
<span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token comment"># 打印当前行号码。  </span>
<span class="token comment"># # 把注释扩展到下一个换行符以前。  </span></code></pre>
<h3 id="sed替换标记">sed替换标记</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">g <span class="token comment"># 表示行内全面替换。  </span>
p <span class="token comment"># 表示打印行。  </span>
w <span class="token comment"># 表示把行写入一个文件。  </span>
x <span class="token comment"># 表示互换模板块中的文本和缓冲区中的文本。  </span>
y <span class="token comment"># 表示把一个字符翻译为另外的字符（但是不用于正则表达式）</span>
\1 <span class="token comment"># 子串匹配标记</span>
<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> <span class="token comment"># 已匹配字符串标记</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="sed元字符集">sed元字符集</h3><pre><code class="language-shell">^ <span class="token comment"># 匹配行开始，如：/^sed/匹配所有以sed开头的行。</span>
&#36; <span class="token comment"># 匹配行结束，如：/sed&#36;/匹配所有以sed结尾的行。</span>
<span class="token keyword">.</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个非换行符的任意字符，如：/s.d/匹配s后接一个任意字符，最后是d。</span>
* <span class="token comment"># 匹配0个或多个字符，如：/*sed/匹配所有模板是一个或多个空格后紧跟sed的行。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个指定范围内的字符，如/[ss]ed/匹配sed和Sed。  </span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>^<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个不在指定范围内的字符，如：/[^A-RT-Z]ed/匹配不包含A-R和T-Z的一个字母开头，紧跟ed的行。</span>
\<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>\<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配子串，保存匹配的字符，如s/\(love\)able/\1rs，loveable被替换成lovers。</span>
<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> <span class="token comment"># 保存搜索字符用来替换其他字符，如s/love/ **&amp;** /，love这成 **love** 。</span>
\<span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配单词的开始，如:/\&lt;love/匹配包含以love开头的单词的行。</span>
\<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配单词的结束，如/love\>/匹配包含以love结尾的单词的行。</span>
x\<span class="token punctuation">{</span>m\<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x，m次，如：/0\{5\}/匹配包含5个0的行。</span>
x\<span class="token punctuation">{</span>m,\<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x，至少m次，如：/0\{5,\}/匹配至少有5个0的行。</span>
x\<span class="token punctuation">{</span>m,n\<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x，至少m次，不多于n次，如：/0\{5,10\}/匹配5~10个0的行。  </span></code></pre>
<h2 id="sed用法实例">sed用法实例</h2><h3 id="替换操作：s命令">替换操作：s命令</h3><p>替换文本中的字符串：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/book/books/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p> <strong>-n选项</strong> 和 <strong>p命令</strong> 一起使用表示只打印那些发生替换的行：</p>
<p>sed -n &#39;s/test/TEST/p&#39; file</p>
<p>直接编辑文件 <strong>选项-i</strong> ，会匹配file文件中每一行的所有book替换为books：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'s/book/books/g'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="全面替换标记g">全面替换标记g</h3><p>使用后缀 /g 标记会替换每一行中的所有匹配：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/book/books/g'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>当需要从第N处匹配开始替换时，可以使用 /Ng：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">echo</span> sksksksksksk <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/sk/SK/2g'</span>
skSKSKSKSKSK

<span class="token keyword">echo</span> sksksksksksk <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/sk/SK/3g'</span>
skskSKSKSKSK

<span class="token keyword">echo</span> sksksksksksk <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/sk/SK/4g'</span>
skskskSKSKSK</code></pre>
<h3 id="定界符">定界符</h3><p>以上命令中字符 / 在sed中作为定界符使用，也可以使用任意的定界符：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s:test:TEXT:g'</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s|test|TEXT|g'</span></code></pre>
<p>定界符出现在样式内部时，需要进行转义：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/\/bin/\/usr\/local\/bin/g'</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="删除操作：d命令">删除操作：d命令</h3><p>删除空白行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^&#36;/d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>删除文件的第2行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>删除文件的第2行到末尾所有行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2,<span class="token variable">&#36;d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>删除文件最后一行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'<span class="token variable">&#36;d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>删除文件中所有开头是test的行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^test/'</span>d <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="已匹配字符串标记&amp;">已匹配字符串标记&amp;</h3><p>正则表达式 \w+ 匹配每一个单词，使用 [&amp;] 替换它，&amp; 对应于之前所匹配到的单词：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">echo</span> this is a <span class="token function">test</span> line <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/\w\+/[&amp;]/g'</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>this<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>is<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>a<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>test<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>line<span class="token punctuation">]</span></code></pre>
<p>所有以192.168.0.1开头的行都会被替换成它自已加localhost：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/^192.168.0.1/&amp;localhost/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
192.168.0.1localhost</code></pre>
<h3 id="子串匹配标记\1">子串匹配标记\1</h3><p>匹配给定样式的其中一部分：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">echo</span> this is digit 7 <span class="token keyword">in</span> a number <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/digit \([0-9]\)/\1/'</span>
this is 7 <span class="token keyword">in</span> a number</code></pre>
<p>命令中 digit 7，被替换成了 7。样式匹配到的子串是 7，(..) 用于匹配子串，对于匹配到的第一个子串就标记为  <strong>\1</strong> ，依此类推匹配到的第二个结果就是  <strong>\2</strong> ，例如：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token keyword">echo</span> aaa BBB <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/\([a-z]\+\) \([A-Z]\+\)/\2 \1/'</span>
BBB aaa</code></pre>
<p>love被标记为1，所有loveable会被替换成lovers，并打印出来：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'s/\(love\)able/\1rs/p'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="组合多个表达式">组合多个表达式</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'表达式'</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'表达式'</span>

等价于：

<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'表达式; 表达式'</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="引用">引用</h3><p>sed表达式可以使用单引号来引用，但是如果表达式内部包含变量字符串，就需要使用双引号。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">test<span class="token operator">=</span>hello
<span class="token keyword">echo</span> hello WORLD <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">"s/<span class="token variable">&#36;test</span>/HELLO"</span>
HELLO WORLD</code></pre>
<h3 id="选定行的范围：,（逗号）">选定行的范围：,（逗号）</h3><p>所有在模板test和check所确定的范围内的行都被打印：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'/test/,/check/p'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>打印从第5行开始到第一个包含以test开始的行之间的所有行：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'5,/^test/p'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>对于模板test和west之间的行，每行的末尾用字符串aaa bbb替换：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/test/,/west/s/&#36;/aaa bbb/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="多点编辑：e命令">多点编辑：e命令</h3><p>-e选项允许在同一行里执行多条命令：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -e <span class="token string">'1,5d'</span> -e <span class="token string">'s/test/check/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>上面sed表达式的第一条命令删除1至5行，第二条命令用check替换test。命令的执行顺序对结果有影响。如果两个命令都是替换命令，那么第一个替换命令将影响第二个替换命令的结果。</p>
<p>和 -e 等价的命令是 --expression：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> --expression<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'s/test/check/'</span> --expression<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'/love/d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="从文件读入：r命令">从文件读入：r命令</h3><p>file里的内容被读进来，显示在与test匹配的行后面，如果匹配多行，则file的内容将显示在所有匹配行的下面：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/test/r file'</span> filename</code></pre>
<h3 id="写入文件：w命令">写入文件：w命令</h3><p>在example中所有包含test的行都被写入file里：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'/test/w file'</span> example</code></pre>
<h3 id="追加（行下）：a\命令">追加（行下）：a\命令</h3><p>将 this is a test line 追加到 以test 开头的行后面：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^test/a\this is a test line'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>在 test.conf 文件第2行之后插入 this is a test line：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'2a\this is a test line'</span> test.conf</code></pre>
<h3 id="插入（行上）：i\命令">插入（行上）：i\命令</h3><p>将 this is a test line 追加到以test开头的行前面：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^test/i\this is a test line'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>在test.conf文件第5行之前插入this is a test line：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'5i\this is a test line'</span> test.conf</code></pre>
<h3 id="下一个：n命令">下一个：n命令</h3><p>如果test被匹配，则移动到匹配行的下一行，替换这一行的aa，变为bb，并打印该行，然后继续：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/test/{ n; s/aa/bb/; }'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="变形：y命令">变形：y命令</h3><p>把1~10行内所有abcde转变为大写，注意，正则表达式元字符不能使用这个命令：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'1,10y/abcde/ABCDE/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="退出：q命令">退出：q命令</h3><p>打印完第10行后，退出sed</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'10q'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="保持和获取：h命令和g命令">保持和获取：h命令和G命令</h3><p>在sed处理文件的时候，每一行都被保存在一个叫模式空间的临时缓冲区中，除非行被删除或者输出被取消，否则所有被处理的行都将 打印在屏幕上。接着模式空间被清空，并存入新的一行等待处理。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -e <span class="token string">'/test/h'</span> -e <span class="token string">'<span class="token variable">&#36;G</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<p>在这个例子里，匹配test的行被找到后，将存入模式空间，h命令将其复制并存入一个称为保持缓存区的特殊缓冲区内。第二条语句的意思是，当到达最后一行后，G命令取出保持缓冲区的行，然后把它放回模式空间中，且追加到现在已经存在于模式空间中的行的末尾。在这个例子中就是追加到最后一行。简单来说，任何包含test的行都被复制并追加到该文件的末尾。</p>
<h3 id="保持和互换：h命令和x命令">保持和互换：h命令和x命令</h3><p>互换模式空间和保持缓冲区的内容。也就是把包含test与check的行互换：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -e <span class="token string">'/test/h'</span> -e <span class="token string">'/check/x'</span> <span class="token function">file</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="脚本scriptfile">脚本scriptfile</h3><p>sed脚本是一个sed的命令清单，启动Sed时以-f选项引导脚本文件名。Sed对于脚本中输入的命令非常挑剔，在命令的末尾不能有任何空白或文本，如果在一行中有多个命令，要用分号分隔。以#开头的行为注释行，且不能跨行。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -f scriptfile file<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="打印奇数行或偶数行">打印奇数行或偶数行</h3><p>方法1：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'p;n'</span> test.txt  <span class="token comment">#奇数行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'n;p'</span> test.txt  <span class="token comment">#偶数行</span></code></pre>
<p>方法2：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'1~2p'</span> test.txt  <span class="token comment">#奇数行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'2~2p'</span> test.txt  <span class="token comment">#偶数行</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="打印匹配字符串的下一行">打印匹配字符串的下一行</h3><pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="token function">grep</span> -A 1 SCC URFILE
<span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'/SCC/{n;p}'</span> URFILE
<span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'/SCC/{getline; print}'</span> URFILE</code></pre>
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